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5 definitions found
From The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48 [gcide]:
Russia \Rus"sia\, n.
A country of Europe and Asia.
[1913 Webster]
{Russia iron}, a kind of sheet iron made in Russia, having a
lustrous blue-black surface.
{Russia leather}, a soft kind of leather, made originally in
Russia but now elsewhere, having a peculiar odor from
being impregnated with an oil obtained from birch bark. It
is much used in bookbinding, on account of its not being
subject to mold, and being proof against insects.
{Russia matting}, matting manufactured in Russia from the
inner bark of the linden ({Tilia Europaea}).
[1913 Webster]
From WordNet (r) 2.0 [wn]:
Russia
n 1: a former communist country in eastern Europe and northern
Asia; established in 1922; included Russia and 14 other
soviet socialist republics (Ukraine and Byelorussia an
others); officially dissolved 31 December 1991 [syn: {Soviet
Union}, {Union of Soviet Socialist Republics}, {USSR}]
2: formerly the largest Soviet Socialist Republic in the USSR
occupying eastern Europe and northern Asia [syn: {Soviet
Russia}, {Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic}]
3: a former empire in eastern Europe and northern Asia created
in the 14th century with Moscow as the capital; powerful
in 17-18th centuries under Peter the Great and Catherine
the Great when Saint Petersburg was the capital;
overthrown by revolution in 1917
4: a federation in northeastern Europe and northern Asia;
formerly Soviet Russia; since 1991 an independent state
[syn: {Russian Federation}]
From CIA World Factbook 2002 [world02]:
Russia
Introduction Russia
-------------------
Background: The defeat of the Russian Empire in
World War I led to the seizure of
power by the Communists and the
formation of the USSR. The brutal
rule of Josef STALIN (1924-53)
strengthened Russian dominance of
the Soviet Union at a cost of tens
of millions of lives. The Soviet
economy and society stagnated in the
following decades until General
Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-
91) introduced glasnost (openness)
and perestroika (restructuring) in
an attempt to modernize Communism,
but his initiatives inadvertently
released forces that by December
1991 splintered the USSR into 15
independent republics. Since then,
Russia has struggled in its efforts
to build a democratic political
system and market economy to replace
the strict social, political, and
economic controls of the Communist
period. A determined guerrilla
conflict still plagues Russia in
Chechnya.
Geography Russia
----------------
Location: Northern Asia (that part west of the
Urals is sometimes included with
Europe), bordering the Arctic Ocean,
between Europe and the North Pacific
Ocean
Geographic coordinates: 60 00 N, 100 00 E
Map references: Asia
Area: total: 17,075,200 sq km
water: 79,400 sq km
land: 16,995,800 sq km
Area - comparative: slightly less than 1.8 times the
size of the US
Land boundaries: total: 19,990 km
border countries: Azerbaijan 284 km,
Belarus 959 km, China (southeast)
3,605 km, China (south) 40 km,
Estonia 294 km, Finland 1,313 km,
Georgia 723 km, Kazakhstan 6,846 km,
North Korea 19 km, Latvia 217 km,
Lithuania (Kaliningrad Oblast) 227
km, Mongolia 3,485 km, Norway 196
km, Poland (Kaliningrad Oblast) 206
km, Ukraine 1,576 km
Coastline: 37,653 km
Maritime claims: continental shelf: 200-m depth or to
the depth of exploitation
exclusive economic zone: 200 NM
territorial sea: 12 NM
Climate: ranges from steppes in the south
through humid continental in much of
European Russia; subarctic in
Siberia to tundra climate in the
polar north; winters vary from cool
along Black Sea coast to frigid in
Siberia; summers vary from warm in
the steppes to cool along Arctic
coast
Terrain: broad plain with low hills west of
Urals; vast coniferous forest and
tundra in Siberia; uplands and
mountains along southern border
regions
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Caspian Sea -28 m
highest point: Gora El'brus 5,633 m
Natural resources: wide natural resource base including
major deposits of oil, natural gas,
coal, and many strategic minerals,
timber
note: formidable obstacles of
climate, terrain, and distance
hinder exploitation of natural
resources
Land use: arable land: 7.46%
permanent crops: 0.11%
other: 92.43% (1998 est.)
Irrigated land: 46,630 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards: permafrost over much of Siberia is a
major impediment to development;
volcanic activity in the Kuril
Islands; volcanoes and earthquakes
on the Kamchatka Peninsula
Environment - current issues: air pollution from heavy industry,
emissions of coal-fired electric
plants, and transportation in major
cities; industrial, municipal, and
agricultural pollution of inland
waterways and seacoasts;
deforestation; soil erosion; soil
contamination from improper
application of agricultural
chemicals; scattered areas of
sometimes intense radioactive
contamination; groundwater
contamination from toxic waste
Environment - international party to: Air Pollution, Air
agreements: Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic-
Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-
Marine Living Resources, Antarctic
Seals, Antarctic Treaty,
Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law
of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear
Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection,
Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83,
Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air
Pollution-Sulphur 94, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol
Geography - note: largest country in the world in
terms of area but unfavorably
located in relation to major sea
lanes of the world; despite its
size, much of the country lacks
proper soils and climates (either
too cold or too dry) for
agriculture; Mount Elbrus is
Europe's tallest peak
People Russia
-------------
Population: 144,978,573 (July 2002 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 16.7% (male 12,334,659;
female 11,840,058)
15-64 years: 70.2% (male 49,330,660;
female 52,402,610)
65 years and over: 13.1% (male
6,150,775; female 12,919,811) (2002
est.)
Population growth rate: -0.33% (2002 est.)
Birth rate: 9.71 births/1,000 population (2002
est.)
Death rate: 13.91 deaths/1,000 population (2002
est.)
Net migration rate: 0.94 migrant(s)/1,000 population
(2002 est.)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.48 male(s)/
female
total population: 0.88 male(s)/
female (2002 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 19.78 deaths/1,000 live births (2002
est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 67.5 years
female: 72.97 years (2002 est.)
male: 62.29 years
Total fertility rate: 1.3 children born/woman (2002 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0.18% (1999 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/ 130,000 (1999 est.)
AIDS:
HIV/AIDS - deaths: 850 (1999 est.)
Nationality: noun: Russian(s)
adjective: Russian
Ethnic groups: Russian 81.5%, Tatar 3.8%, Ukrainian
3%, Chuvash 1.2%, Bashkir 0.9%,
Belarusian 0.8%, Moldavian 0.7%,
other 8.1%
Religions: Russian Orthodox, Muslim, other
Languages: Russian, other
Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read
and write
total population: 98%
male: 100%
female: 97% (1989 est.)
Government Russia
-----------------
Country name: conventional long form: Russian
Federation
conventional short form: Russia
local long form: Rossiyskaya
Federatsiya
former: Russian Empire, Russian
Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
local short form: Rossiya
Government type: federation
Capital: Moscow
Administrative divisions: 49 oblasts (oblastey, singular -
oblast), 21 republics* (respublik,
singular - respublika), 10
autonomous okrugs**(avtonomnykh
okrugov, singular - avtonomnyy
okrug), 6 krays*** (krayev, singular
- kray), 2 federal cities (singular
- gorod)****, and 1 autonomous
oblast*****(avtonomnaya oblast');
Adygeya (Maykop)*, Aginskiy
Buryatskiy (Aginskoye)**, Altay
(Gorno-Altaysk)*, Altayskiy
(Barnaul)***, Amurskaya
(Blagoveshchensk), Arkhangel'skaya,
Astrakhanskaya, Bashkortostan
(Ufa)*, Belgorodskaya, Bryanskaya,
Buryatiya (Ulan-Ude)*, Chechnya
(Groznyy)*, Chelyabinskaya,
Chitinskaya, Chukotskiy (Anadyr')**,
Chuvashiya (Cheboksary)*, Dagestan
(Makhachkala)*, Evenkiyskiy
(Tura)**, Ingushetiya (Nazran')*,
Irkutskaya, Ivanovskaya, Kabardino-
Balkariya (Nal'chik)*,
Kaliningradskaya, Kalmykiya
(Elista)*, Kaluzhskaya, Kamchatskaya
(Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy),
Karachayevo-Cherkesiya (Cherkessk)*,
Kareliya (Petrozavodsk)*,
Kemerovskaya, Khabarovskiy***,
Khakasiya (Abakan)*, Khanty-
Mansiyskiy (Khanty-Mansiysk)**,
Kirovskaya, Komi (Syktyvkar)*,
Koryakskiy (Palana)**, Kostromskaya,
Krasnodarskiy***, Krasnoyarskiy***,
Kurganskaya, Kurskaya,
Leningradskaya, Lipetskaya,
Magadanskaya, Mariy-El (Yoshkar-
Ola)*, Mordoviya (Saransk)*,
Moskovskaya, Moskva (Moscow)****,
Murmanskaya, Nenetskiy (Nar'yan-
Mar)**, Nizhegorodskaya,
Novgorodskaya, Novosibirskaya,
Omskaya, Orenburgskaya, Orlovskaya
(Orel), Penzenskaya, Permskaya,
Komi-Permyatskiy (Kudymkar)**,
Primorskiy (Vladivostok)***,
Pskovskaya, Rostovskaya,
Ryazanskaya, Sakha (Yakutiya)*,
Sakhalinskaya (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk),
Samarskaya, Sankt-Peterburg (Saint
Petersburg)****, Saratovskaya,
Severnaya Osetiya-Alaniya [North
Ossetia] (Vladikavkaz)*,
Smolenskaya, Stavropol'skiy***,
Sverdlovskaya (Yekaterinburg),
Tambovskaya, Tatarstan (Kazan')*,
Taymyrskiy (Dudinka)**, Tomskaya,
Tul'skaya, Tverskaya, Tyumenskaya,
Tyva (Kyzyl)*, Udmurtiya (Izhevsk)*,
Ul'yanovskaya, Ust'-Ordynskiy
Buryatskiy (Ust'-Ordynskiy)**,
Vladimirskaya, Volgogradskaya,
Vologodskaya, Voronezhskaya, Yamalo-
Nenetskiy (Salekhard)**,
Yaroslavskaya, Yevreyskaya*****;
note - when using a place name with
an adjectival ending 'skaya' or
'skiy,' the word Oblast' or
Avonomnyy Okrug or Kray should be
added to the place name
note: administrative divisions have
the same names as their
administrative centers (exceptions
have the administrative center name
following in parentheses)
Independence: 24 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)
National holiday: Russia Day, 12 June (1990)
Constitution: adopted 12 December 1993
Legal system: based on civil law system; judicial
review of legislative acts
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: chief of state: President Vladimir
Vladimirovich PUTIN (acting
president since 31 December 1999,
president since 7 May 2000)
head of government: Premier Mikhail
Mikhaylovich KASYANOV (since 7 May
2000); Deputy Premiers Aleksey
Leonidovich KUDRIN (since 18 May
2000), Aleksey Vasilyevich GORDEYEV
(since 20 May 2000), Viktor
Borisovich KHRISTENKO (since 31 May
1999), Valentina Ivanovna MATVIYENKO
(since 22 September 1998)
cabinet: Ministries of the
Government or "Government" composed
of the premier and his deputies,
ministers, and other agency heads;
all are appointed by the president
note: there is also a Presidential
Administration (PA) that provides
staff and policy support to the
president, drafts presidential
decrees, and coordinates policy
among government agencies; a
Security Council also reports
directly to the president
election results: Vladimir
Vladimirovich PUTIN elected
president; percent of vote -
Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN 52.9%,
Gennadiy Andreyevich ZYUGANOV 29.2%,
Grigoriy Alekseyevich YAVLINSKIY
5.8%
elections: president elected by
popular vote for a four-year term;
election last held 26 March 2000
(next to be held NA 2004); note - no
vice president; if the president
dies in office, cannot exercise his
powers because of ill health, is
impeached, or resigns, the premier
succeeds him; the premier serves as
acting president until a new
presidential election is held, which
must be within three months; premier
appointed by the president with the
approval of the Duma
Legislative branch: bicameral Federal Assembly or
Federalnoye Sobraniye consists of
the Federation Council or Sovet
Federatsii (178 seats; as of July
2000, members appointed by the top
executive and legislative officials
in each of the 89 federal
administrative units - oblasts,
krays, republics, autonomous okrugs
and oblasts, and the federal cities
of Moscow and Saint Petersburg;
members serve four-year terms) and
the State Duma or Gosudarstvennaya
Duma (450 seats; 225 seats elected
by proportional representation from
party lists winning at least 5% of
the vote, and 225 seats from single-
member constituencies; members are
elected by direct popular vote to
serve four-year terms)
election results: State Duma -
percent of vote received by parties
clearing the 5% threshold entitling
them to a proportional share of the
225 party list seats - KPRF 24.29%,
Unity 23.32%, OVR 13.33%, Union of
Right Forces 8.52%, LDPR 5.98%,
Yabloko 5.93%; seats by party - KPRF
113, Unity 72, OVR 67, Union of
Rightist Forces 29, LDPR 17, Yabloko
21, other 16, independents 106,
repeat election required 8, vacant 1
elections: State Duma - last held 19
December 1999 (next to be held NA
December 2003)
Judicial branch: Constitutional Court; Supreme Court;
Superior Court of Arbitration;
judges for all courts are appointed
for life by the Federation Council
on the recommendation of the
president
Political parties and leaders: Agrarian Party [Mikhail Ivanovich
LAPSHIN]; Communist Party of the
Russian Federation or KPRF [Gennadiy
Andreyevich ZYUGANOV]; Fatherland-
All Russia or OVR [Yuriy
Mikhaylovich LUZHKOV]; Liberal
Democratic Party of Russia or LDPR
[Vladimir Volfovich ZHIRINOVSKIY];
Union of Rightist Forces [Anatoliy
Borisovich CHUBAYS, Yegor Timurovich
GAYDAR, Irina Mutsuovna KHAKAMADA,
Boris Yefimovich NEMTSOV]; Unity
[Sergey Kuzhugetovich SHOYGU];
Yabloko Bloc [Grigoriy Alekseyevich
YAVLINSKIY]
note: some 150 political parties,
blocs, and movements registered with
the Justice Ministry as of the 19
December 1998 deadline to be
eligible to participate in the 19
December 1999 Duma elections; of
these, 36 political organizations
actually qualified to run slates of
candidates on the Duma party list
ballot, 6 parties cleared the 5%
threshold to win a proportional
share of the 225 party seats in the
Duma, 9 other organizations hold
seats in the Duma: Bloc of Nikolayev
and Academician Fedorov, Congress of
Russian Communities, Movement in
Support of the Army, Our Home Is
Russia, Party of Pensioners, Power
to the People, Russian All-People's
Union, Russian Socialist Party, and
Spiritual Heritage; primary
political blocs include pro-market
democrats - (Yabloko Bloc and Union
of Right Forces), anti-market and/or
ultranationalist (Communist Party of
the Russian Federation and Liberal
Democratic Party of Russia)
Political pressure groups and NA
leaders:
International organization APEC, ARF (dialogue partner), ASEAN
participation: (dialogue partner), BIS, BSEC, CBSS,
CCC, CE, CERN (observer), CIS, EAPC,
EBRD, ECE, ESCAP, G- 8, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFC,
IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol,
IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LAIA
(observer), MINURSO, MONUC, NAM
(guest), NSG, OAS (observer), OPCW,
OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UN Security
Council, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNITAR, UNMEE,
UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNMOP, UNMOVIC,
UNOMIG, UNTAET, UNTSO, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
(observer), ZC
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Yuriy
Viktorovich USHAKOV
FAX: [1] (202) 298-5735
consulate(s) general: New York, San
Francisco, and Seattle
telephone: [1] (202) 298-5700, 5701,
5704, 5708
chancery: 2650 Wisconsin Avenue NW,
Washington, DC 20007
Diplomatic representation from the chief of mission: Ambassador
US: Alexander VERSHBOW
embassy: Bolshoy Devyatinskiy
Pereulok No. 8, 121099 Moscow
mailing address: APO AE 09721
telephone: [7] (095) 728-5000
FAX: [7] (095) 728-5203
consulate(s) general: Saint
Petersburg, Vladivostok,
Yekaterinburg
Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of
white (top), blue, and red
Economy Russia
--------------
Economy - overview: A decade after the implosion of the
Soviet Union in December 1991,
Russia is still struggling to
establish a modern market economy
and achieve strong economic growth.
In contrast to its trading partners
in Central Europe - which were able
to overcome the initial production
declines that accompanied the launch
of market reforms within three to
five years - Russia saw its economy
contract for five years, as the
executive and legislature dithered
over the implementation of many of
the basic foundations of a market
economy. Russia achieved a slight
recovery in 1997, but the
government's stubborn budget
deficits and the country's poor
business climate made it vulnerable
when the global financial crisis
swept through in 1998. The crisis
culminated in the August
depreciation of the ruble, a debt
default by the government, and a
sharp deterioration in living
standards for most of the
population. The economy subsequently
has rebounded, growing by an average
of more than 6% annually in 1999-
2001 on the back of higher oil
prices and a weak ruble. This
recovery, along with a renewed
government effort in 2000 and 2001
to advance lagging structural
reforms, have raised business and
investor confidence over Russia's
prospects in its second decade of
transition. Yet serious problems
persist. Russia remains heavily
dependent on exports of commodities,
particularly oil, natural gas,
metals, and timber, which account
for over 80% of exports, leaving the
country vulnerable to swings in
world prices. Russia's industrial
base is increasingly dilapidated and
must be replaced or modernized if
the country is to achieve
sustainable economic growth. Other
problems include widespread
corruption, lack of a strong legal
system, capital flight, and brain
drain.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $1.2
trillion (2001 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: 5.2% (2001 est.)
GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $8,300
(2001 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 7%
industry: 37%
services: 56% (2000 est.)
Population below poverty line: 40% (1999 est.)
Household income or consumption by lowest 10%: 2.4%
percentage share: highest 10%: 33.5% (2001 est.)
Distribution of family income - Gini 39.9 (2000)
index:
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 21.9% (2001 est.)
Labor force: 71.3 million (2001 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 10.8%, industry 27.8%,
services 61.4% (2001 est.)
Unemployment rate: 8.7% (2001 est.), plus considerable
underemployment
Budget: revenues: $45 billion
expenditures: $43 billion, including
capital expenditures of $NA (2001
est.)
Industries: complete range of mining and
extractive industries producing
coal, oil, gas, chemicals, and
metals; all forms of machine
building from rolling mills to high-
performance aircraft and space
vehicles; shipbuilding; road and
rail transportation equipment;
communications equipment;
agricultural machinery, tractors,
and construction equipment; electric
power generating and transmitting
equipment; medical and scientific
instruments; consumer durables,
textiles, foodstuffs, handicrafts
Industrial production growth rate: 5.2% (2001 est.)
Electricity - production: 835.572 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 66.14%
hydro: 18.89%
other: 0.31% (2000)
nuclear: 14.66%
Electricity - consumption: 767.082 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - exports: 18 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - imports: 8 billion kWh (2000)
Agriculture - products: grain, sugar beets, sunflower seed,
vegetables, fruits; beef, milk
Exports: $103.3 billion (2001 est.)
Exports - commodities: petroleum and petroleum products,
natural gas, wood and wood products,
metals, chemicals, and a wide
variety of civilian and military
manufactures
Exports - partners: Germany 9.0%, US 7.2%, Italy 7.0%,
Belarus 5.4%, China 5.1%, Ukraine
4.9%, Netherlands (2000)
Imports: $51.7 billion (2001 est.)
Imports - commodities: machinery and equipment, consumer
goods, medicines, meat, grain,
sugar, semifinished metal products
Imports - partners: Germany 11.5%, Belarus 11.1%,
Ukraine 10.8%, US 8.0%, Kazakhstan
6.5%, Italy 3.6% (2000)
Debt - external: $157 billion (2001 est.)
Economic aid - recipient: $8.523 billion (1995)
Currency: Russian ruble (RUR)
Currency code: RUR
Exchange rates: Russian rubles per US dollar -
30.4669 (January 2002), 29.1685
(2001), 28.1292 (2000), 24.6199
(1999), 9.7051 (1998), 5,785 (1997)
note: the post-1 January 1998 ruble
is equal to 1,000 of the pre-
1 January 1998 rubles
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications Russia
---------------------
Telephones - main lines in use: 30 million (1998)
Telephones - mobile cellular: 2.5 million (October 2000)
Telephone system: general assessment: the telephone
system has undergone significant
changes in the 1990s; there are more
than 1,000 companies licensed to
offer communication services; access
to digital lines has improved,
particularly in urban centers;
Internet and e-mail services are
improving; Russia has made progress
toward building the
telecommunications infrastructure
necessary for a market economy;
however, a large demand for main
line service remains unsatisfied
domestic: cross-country digital
trunk lines run from Saint
Petersburg to Khabarovsk, and from
Moscow to Novorossiysk; the
telephone systems in 60 regional
capitals have modern digital
infrastructures; cellular services,
both analog and digital, are
available in many areas; in rural
areas, the telephone services are
still outdated, inadequate, and low
density
international: Russia is connected
internationally by three undersea
fiber-optic cables; digital switches
in several cities provide more than
50,000 lines for international
calls; satellite earth stations
provide access to Intelsat,
Intersputnik, Eutelsat, Inmarsat,
and Orbita systems
Radio broadcast stations: AM 420, FM 447, shortwave 56 (1998)
Radios: 61.5 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations: 7,306 (1998)
Televisions: 60.5 million (1997)
Internet country code: .ru
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 35 (2000)
Internet users: 9.2 million (2000)
Transportation Russia
---------------------
Railways: total: 87,157 km
broad gauge: 86,200 km 1.520-m gauge
(40,300 km are electrified)
narrow gauge: 957 km 1.067-m gauge
(installed on Sakhalin Island)
note: an additional 63,000 km of
broad gauge routes serve specific
industries and are not available for
common carrier use (2002)
Highways: total: 952,000 km
paved: 752,000 km (including about
336,000 km of conventionally paved
roads, and about 416,000 km of roads
with all-weather gravel surfaces)
unpaved: 200,000 km (these roads are
made of unstabilized earth and are
difficult to negotiate in wet
weather) (1998)
Waterways: 95,900 km (total routes in general
use)
note: routes with navigation guides
serving the Russian River Fleet -
95,900 km; routes with night
navigational aids - 60,400 km; man-
made navigable routes - 16,900 km
(Jan 1994)
Pipelines: crude oil 48,000 km; petroleum
products 15,000 km; natural gas
140,000 km (June 1993 est.)
Ports and harbors: Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinsky,
Arkhangel'sk, Astrakhan', De-Kastri,
Indigirskiy, Kaliningrad,
Kandalaksha, Kazan', Khabarovsk,
Kholmsk, Krasnoyarsk, Lazarev, Mago,
Mezen', Moscow, Murmansk, Nakhodka,
Nevel'sk, Novorossiysk, Onega,
Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Rostov,
Shakhtersk, Saint Petersburg, Sochi,
Taganrog, Tuapse, Uglegorsk, Vanino,
Vladivostok, Volgograd, Vostochnyy,
Vyborg
Merchant marine: total: 888 ships (1,000 GRT or over)
totaling 4,390,745 GRT/5,357,436 DWT
ships by type: barge carrier 1, bulk
21, cargo 556, chemical tanker 7,
combination bulk 21, combination
ore/oil 6, container 29, multi-
functional large-load carrier 1,
passenger 41, passenger/cargo 3,
petroleum tanker 153, refrigerated
cargo 22, roll on/roll off 20,
short-sea passenger 7
note: includes some foreign-owned
ships registered here as a flag of
convenience: Belize 1, Cambodia 1,
Cyprus 9, Denmark 1, Estonia 4,
Greece 3, Honduras 1, Latvia 4,
Lithuania 3, Moldova 3, Netherlands
1, South Korea 1, Turkey 18,
Turkmenistan 2, Ukraine 10, United
Kingdom 5, United States 1 (2002
est.)
Airports: 2,743 (2001)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 471
over 3,047 m: 56
2,438 to 3,047 m: 178
1,524 to 2,437 m: 76
914 to 1,523 m: 69
under 914 m: 92 (2001)
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 2,272
over 3,047 m: 28
2,438 to 3,047 m: 118
1,524 to 2,437 m: 204
914 to 1,523 m: 324
under 914 m: 1,598 (2001)
Military Russia
---------------
Military branches: Ground Forces, Navy, Air Forces,
Space Forces, Airborne Forces,
Strategic Rocket Forces
Military manpower - military age: 18 years of age (2002 est.)
Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 38,906,796 (2002
est.)
Military manpower - fit for military males age 15-49: 30,392,946 (2002
service: est.)
Military manpower - reaching military males: 1,242,778 (2002 est.)
age annually:
Military expenditures - dollar $NA
figure:
Military expenditures - percent of NA%
GDP:
Transnational Issues Russia
---------------------------
Disputes - international: 2001 Treaty of Good Neighborliness,
Friendship, and Cooperation commits
Russia and China to seek peaceable
unanimity over disputed alluvial
islands at the confluence of the
Amur and Ussuri rivers and a small
island on the Argun; Russia hastens
to delimit and demarcate boundary
with Kazakhstan to limit illegal
border activities; in 2002, Russia
is the first state to submit data to
the UN Commission on the Limits of
the Continental Shelf to extend its
continental shelf by claiming two
undersea ridges in the Arctic;
Russia signed bilateral agreements
with Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan
delimiting the Caspian seabed, but
littoral states are far from
multilateral agreement on dividing
the waters and seabed regimes - Iran
insists on division of Caspian Sea
into five equal sectors while
Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Russia, and
Turkmenistan have generally agreed
upon equidistant seabed boundaries;
despite recent discussions, Russia
and Norway dispute their maritime
limits in the Barents Sea and
Russia's fishing rights beyond
Svalbard's territorial limits within
the Svalbard Treaty zone; Russia
continues to reject signing and
ratifying the joint December 1996
technical border agreement with
Estonia; the Russian Duma refuses to
ratify boundary treaties signed with
Latvia and Lithuania; Russia and
Ukraine have successfully delimited
land boundary in 2001, but disagree
on delimitation of maritime boundary
in the Sea of Azov and Black Sea;
boundary with Georgia has been
largely delimited, but not
demarcated; several small, strategic
segments remain in dispute; islands
of Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan,
and the Habomai group occupied by
the Soviet Union in 1945, now
administered by Russia, claimed by
Japan
Illicit drugs: limited cultivation of illicit
cannabis and opium poppy and
producer of amphetamine, mostly for
domestic consumption; government has
active eradication program;
increasingly used as transshipment
point for Southwest and Southeast
Asian opiates and cannabis and Latin
American cocaine to Western Europe,
possibly to the US, and growing
domestic market; major source of
heroin precursor chemicals;
corruption and organized crime are
major concerns; heroin an increasing
threat in domestic drug market
From U.S. Gazetteer (1990) [gazetteer]:
Russia, OH (village, FIPS 69344)
Location: 40.23240 N, 84.41087 W
Population (1990): 442 (143 housing units)
Area: 0.9 sq km (land), 0.0 sq km (water)
Zip code(s): 45363
From U.S. Gazetteer Places (2000) [gaz-place]:
Russia, OH -- U.S. village in Ohio
Population (2000): 551
Housing Units (2000): 206
Land area (2000): 0.645213 sq. miles (1.671095 sq. km)
Water area (2000): 0.000000 sq. miles (0.000000 sq. km)
Total area (2000): 0.645213 sq. miles (1.671095 sq. km)
FIPS code: 69344
Located within: Ohio (OH), FIPS 39
Location: 40.234696 N, 84.410416 W
ZIP Codes (1990): 45363
Note: some ZIP codes may be omitted esp. for suburbs.
Headwords:
Russia, OH
Russia
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